{"id":256,"date":"2019-10-17T10:34:34","date_gmt":"2019-10-17T08:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/tourismeetdeveloppement\/?p=256"},"modified":"2019-10-17T10:34:34","modified_gmt":"2019-10-17T08:34:34","slug":"the-ghanaian-authenticity-when-cultural-tourism-meets-community-tradition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/tourismeetdeveloppement\/2019\/10\/the-ghanaian-authenticity-when-cultural-tourism-meets-community-tradition\/","title":{"rendered":"The Ghanaian authenticity : when cultural tourism meets community tradition"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Renowned for its large number of traditional festivals, Ghana sees its touristic industry fill out of diversity ; outdoor, indoor, cultural, folkloric or authentic tourism… What then ? – Oph\u00e9lie Aebischer et Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Oberson<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Tourism and authenticity<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

In the face of the western\u2019s increasing attraction for authenticity, Africa has developed its touristic offer accordingly ; bragging about the \u00ab realness \u00bb or \u00ab authenticity \u00bb of most of its destinations, the continent highlights a main question in the rise of the twentieth century\u2019s Tourism (1). The Authenticity, defined by Cousin, is \u00ab Today, […] a concept allowing to market objects, spaces or touristic experiences not covered by ordinary tourism \u00bb (2). In the case of Ghana, the numerous traditional festivals especially attract this cultural tourism in need of authenticity.<\/p>\n

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The Ghanaian festivals<\/span><\/h2>\n

Festivals are very important in the life of the Ghanaian people. (3) It is an opportunity for them to gather together and preserve their culture and values.(4) Indeed, the festivals reflect the culture, beliefs, customs and history of communities and permit the transmission of these values to younger generations. (5) Traditional festivals are associated with agricultural activity or celebration of the ancestors (6) and are accompanied by music, dance, meals, rituals, etc.(7) Now, festivals are more focused on social, cultural, economic and political aspects (8). They can serve as a platform for the community to plan and raise funds for developmental projects such as school buildings, road construction and drinking water facilities. (9)<\/p>\n

With regard to the development model, festivals are part of the endogenous development model. Indeed, this model advocates the importance of local development and enhances local ressources. (10) It is focused on the basic needs of the local population. (11) This is notably the case with all the projects that are being developed around the festivals, as mentioned above. In addition, festivals are organized by a group of local actors and include both tangible (infrastructure) and intangible elements (culture, rituals, know-how, etc.). (12)<\/p>\n

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A lot of tourists are interested in the Ghanaian festivals.(13) As the tourists stay in hotels and buy souvenirs, mostly craft products, tourism participates to economic growth and increases employment.(14) Festivals are originally not designed for tourists but Ghana begins to develop a strategy to attract tourists and increase incomes by creating new festivals.(15)<\/p>\n

Issues and opportunities<\/span><\/h2>\n

The issues of these events are ambivalent. On the one hand, a positive externality has to be highlighted : in the same way a landscape is created by agriculture, traditional festivals are the result of local and community creation. Their traditional purposes primarily serve the society\u2019s own objectives, initially not including visitors from outside the country. The tourist can then enjoy this festive visual \u00ab for free \u00bb and provide additional incomes by staying and consuming on site. On the other hand, a negative externality can also be emphasized. A massive inflow of tourists could deteriorate tradition and deflect the intentions of this kind of events ; having to face an external touristic demand or behaviors at odds with customs could jeopardize the rites, or even having \u00ab irremediable effects on the original, causing its perversion or disappearance \u00bb (16).<\/p>\n

Oph\u00e9lie Aebischer et Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Oberson<\/p>\n

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\u00ab Tourisme culturel et authenticite? \u00bb : <\/span>Questions de recherche<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

\u2022 Les festivals traditionnels sont-ils toujours le?gitimes au sein de la socie?te? ghane?enne ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 L\u2019expansion du tourisme a-t-il eu un impact sur les ce?le?brations traditionnelles ?<\/strong>
\n– Les manifestations ont-elles change? de formes, de circonscription, de modalite\u0301s, etc. ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 La tradition a-t-elle e?te? modifie?e par le tourisme ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pour re?pondre a? ces questions, un voyage sur le terrain est indispensable. La me?thodologie s\u2019organisera autour de techniques tant quantitatives que qualitatives. Mais avant toute chose, il s\u2019agit de de?finir la porte?e de l\u2019enque\u0302te ; pour ce faire, il s\u2019agit de connai?tre le temps a? disposition et les moyens alloue?s, qui seront re?ve?lateurs de l\u2019ampleur que pourront prendre les recherches. Une fois que la porte?e de l\u2019enque\u0302te sera connue, il s\u2019agira de choisir un festival (pour une petite enque\u0302te) ou plusieurs festivals (pour une enque\u0302te plus large), afin de de?finir un contexte et une zone de travail.<\/p>\n

Techniques qualitatives<\/span><\/h2>\n

Observation participante :<\/strong> L\u2019observation participante est indispensable dans le cadre de cette e?tude. En effet, cette dernie?re visant a? observer des comportements et des manifestations actuelles ; il s\u2019agit donc de s\u2019immerger afin de re?colter des donne?es \u00ab sur le vif \u00bb. Prendre part aux festivite?s, mais aussi a? l\u2019organisation de celles-ci, est donc de rigueur. La place du chercheur doit e?tre correctement de?finie au pre?alable, afin de ne pas influencer les comportements.<\/p>\n

Entretiens semi-directifs :<\/strong> Notre recherche visant a? faire une comparaison avec des festivite?s traditionnelles passe?es, il nous sera donc ine?vitable de nous entretenir avec des acteurs pouvant rendre compte dudit passe? et de leur observation personnelle de l\u2019e?volution des traditions. Le pre\u0300sent sera e?galement mis a? l\u2019honneur ; les organisateurs et festivaliers auront tout autant d\u2019e?le?ments a? nous apporter concernant leur ro?le dans ces manifestations et la place du tourisme dans celles-ci.<\/p>\n

Techniques quantitatives<\/span><\/h2>\n

Enque\u0302te de satisfaction (questionnaire) :<\/strong> Dans le cas ou? nous pouvons prendre part au festival, une enque\u0302te de satisfaction, sous forme de questionnaire, devra e?tre organise?e afin de re?colter les avis de tous. Il s\u2019agira de de?terminer l\u2019expe?rience de l\u2019individu en fonction qu\u2019il soit natif, touriste, expatrie?, etc.<\/p>\n

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  • Cre?ation d\u2019un questionnaire :<\/strong> Le questionnaire sera organise? autour de questions savamment choisies qui permettront de mettre en e?vidence les expe?riences et les trajectoires de chacun. Que le re?pondant soit natif ou touriste, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de son premier ou dixie?me festival… L\u2019enque\u0302te visera a? de?couvrir les ve?cus de chacun et le ressenti face aux installations, a? la manifestation, a? l\u2019organisation, etc. Pour ce faire, l\u2019enque\u0302te de Mensah C. sur la satisfaction des re?sidents face au festival Asogli Yam(17) pourrait e?tre une piste de travail.<\/li>\n
  • Codage et cre\u0301ations de statistiques :<\/strong> Les codages seront faits sur la base des re?ponses des individus et entre?s dans un tableau Excel, afin d\u2019y effectuer des tris a? plat et des tris croise?s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Etude et comparaison des statistiques pre?existantes :<\/strong> La recherche d\u2019e?tudes et de statistiques pre?existantes au sein du pays seront e?galement de rigueur afin d\u2019accumuler le plus de donne?es utilisables pour un croisement des informations une fois toutes les techniques mene?es a? bien.<\/p>\n

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    Dans le cas du stage de terrain :<\/span><\/h2>\n

    Dans le cas d\u2019une unique semaine sur le terrain, restreignant conside?rablement les possibilite?s, il pourrait e?tre inte?ressant de questionner la culture traditionnelle (dans sa globalite?) et le tourisme aupre\u0300s des locaux afin d\u2019observer ce qui s\u2019en de?gage. Dans le cadre des festivals et dans la re?gion que nous pre?voyons de visiter, c\u2019est principalement celui de \u00ab Fetu Afahye \u00bb a? Cape Coast que nous pourrions e?tudier. Bien qu\u2019il soit fe?te? en septembre, des entretiens semi-directifs pourraient nous en apprendre beaucoup sur l\u2019organisation de la manifestation, son e?volution dans le temps et le ro?le qu\u2019occupent les acteurs concerne?s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    Concepts et e?tudes mobilise?s<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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    \u00ab Pratique culturelle \u00bb : <\/strong>Coulangeon, P. (2010) : Sociologie des pratiques culturelles. Paris : Editions La De?couverte<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    \u00ab Authenticite? \u00bb :<\/strong> Cousin, S. (2011) : \u00ab Authenticite? et tourisme \u00bb in Les Cahiers du Muse\u0301e des Confluences. Revue the?matique Sciences et Socie?te?s du Muse\u0301e des Confluences, tome 8. pp.59-66.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    \u00ab Local Culture in the National Arena : The Politics of Cultural Festivals in Ghana \u00bb :<\/strong> Lenz, C. (2011) : \u00ab Local Culture in the National Arena : The Politics of Cultural Festivals in Ghana \u00bb in African Studies Review, Vol. 44. pp.47-72.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    \u00ab The socio-economic benefits derived from festivals. A case study of Asogli Yam festival in Ghana\u00bb :<\/strong> Gbadegbe, R. S. (2013) : \u00ab The socio-economic benefits derived from festivals. A case study of Asogli Yam festival in Ghana. \u00bb in Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, Vol. IV. pp.64-72.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    \u00ab Residents\u2019 satisfaction and behavioural intention with Asogli Yam festival in Ghana \u00bb :<\/strong> Mensah, C. (2013) : \u00ab Residents\u2019 satisfaction and behavioural intention with Asogli Yam festival in Ghana \u00bb in International Journal of Asian Social Science. pp.682-702.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Oph\u00e9lie Aebischer et Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Oberson<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Notes :\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n
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    1 Cousin, S. (2011) : \u00ab Authenticite? et tourisme \u00bb in Les Cahiers du Muse\u0301e des Confluences. Revue the?matique Sciences et Socie?te?s du Muse\u0301e des Confluences, tome 8. pp.60-61.<\/p>\n

    2 Ibid., p.59.<\/p>\n

    3 Naylor, R. (2000) : Ghana. Accra : Oxfam GB.<\/p>\n

    4 Gbadegbe, R. S. (2013) : \u00ab The socio-economic benefits derived from festivals : A case study of Asogli yam festival in Ghana \u00bb in Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, IV(4), pp. 64-72.<\/p>\n

    5 Idem.<\/p>\n

    6 Idem.<\/p>\n

    7 Naylor (2000)<\/p>\n

    8 Gbadegbe (2013)<\/p>\n

    9 Idem.<\/p>\n

    10 Ke?bir, L. (2019) : Cours \u201cDe?veloppement e?conomique des territoires touristiques\u201d (SA19). Faculte? des ge?osciences et de l’environnement, Master en e?tudes du tourisme. Universite\u0301 de Lausanne.<\/p>\n

    11 Idem.<\/p>\n

    12 Idem.<\/p>\n

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    13 Day, L. R. (2004) : \u00ab What’s Tourism Got to Do with It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman \u00bb in Africa Today, 51(1), pp. 99-113.<\/p>\n

    14 Gbadegbe (2013)<\/p>\n

    15 Idem.<\/p>\n

    16 Ibid., p.60.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    17 Mensah C. (2013) : \u00ab Residents\u2019 satisfaction and behavioural intention with Asogli Yam festival in Ghana \u00bb in International Journal of Asian Social Science. pp.682-702.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    Bibliographie :<\/span><\/h2>\n

    Cousin, S. (2011) : \u00ab Authenticite? et tourisme \u00bb in Les Cahiers du Muse\u0301e des Confluences. Revue the?matique Sciences et Socie?te?s du Muse\u0301e des Confluences, tome 8. pp.59-66.<\/p>\n

    Day, L. R. (2004) : What’s Tourism Got to Do with It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman. Africa Today, 51(1), pp. 99-113.<\/p>\n

    Gbadegbe, R. S. (2013) : The socio-economic benefits derived from festivals : A case study of Asogli yam festival in Ghana. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, IV(4), pp. 64-72.<\/p>\n

    Ke?bir, L. (2019) :Cours \u201cDe?veloppement e?conomique des territoires touristiques\u201d (SA19). Faculte? des ge?osciences et de l’environnement, Master en e?tudes du tourisme. Universite\u0301 de Lausanne.<\/p>\n

    Naylor, R. (2000) : Ghana. Accra : Oxfam GB.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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