{"id":958,"date":"2020-10-21T14:31:01","date_gmt":"2020-10-21T12:31:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/?p=958"},"modified":"2020-10-21T14:33:18","modified_gmt":"2020-10-21T12:33:18","slug":"a-review-of-designing-for-motivation-engagement-and-wellbeing-in-digital-experience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/2020\/10\/a-review-of-designing-for-motivation-engagement-and-wellbeing-in-digital-experience\/","title":{"rendered":"A review of Designing for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing in Digital Experience"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A couple of months ago, while looking for strategies to design Self-Determination Theory (SDT) supporting apps, I came across this article. The title was quite captivating because it fits right into my research spot: &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00797\/full\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designing for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing in Digital Experience.&#8221;<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In this article, the authors, Dorian Peters, Rafael A. Calvo, and Richard M. Ryan, present a model (METUX) which gives us \u2014HCI researchers\u2014 a psychological research-grounded framework so that we can create actionable insights in relation to how technology designs support or undermine the SDT Basic Psychological Needs. This is important because research in psychology, especially on the SDT, demonstrates that motivation and wellbeing exist when the Basic Psychological Needs are satisfied.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Before diving into the METUX (Motivation, Engagement and Thriving in User Experience) model, we need to acknowledge that Self-Determination Theory states that we \u2014human beings\u2014 have three basic psychological needs and that the environments in which we develop aid or hinder the satisfaction of these needs. The theory also suggests that in need supportive environments, we will be motivated and with increased wellbeing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These basic psychological needs are:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Autonomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: the need for human beings to feel our actions come from ourselves and not external elements. These actions should be aligned with what we believe in and what we want to achieve.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Competence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: the need for human beings to feel effective in the activities we perform.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Relatedness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: the need to feel important and connected to other humans who perform the same activity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now, let&#8217;s have a look at METUX. Authors postulate that it is useful to think about how technology influences wellbeing in six experience spheres:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><i>adoption<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the technology<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">interacting with the technology through its <\/span><b><i>interface<\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">engaging with the <\/span><b><i>tasks<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that technology suggests<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the experience of the technology-supported <\/span><b><i>behavior<\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the experience of technology in the user&#8217;s <\/span><b><i>life<\/i><\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">how technology can affect <\/span><b><i>societies\u2019<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> wellbeing<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Having clarity on these spheres is fundamental as satisfying basic psychological needs in one sphere can harm or frustrate the satisfaction of needs in other spheres. For example, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">interface<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of a calendar app might give a satisfying user experience. Still, it might not make the individual act accordingly to what is planned on the calendar when they see it is crowded with activities (harming the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">behavior<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> sphere). The following image (Fig. 1) shows a representation of the METUX model diagram.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_959\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-959\" style=\"width: 397px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/files\/2020\/10\/fpsyg-09-00797-g001.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-959 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/files\/2020\/10\/fpsyg-09-00797-g001.jpg\" alt=\"Sphere of Experience within which technology.\" width=\"397\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/files\/2020\/10\/fpsyg-09-00797-g001.jpg 397w, https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/files\/2020\/10\/fpsyg-09-00797-g001-300x277.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/files\/2020\/10\/fpsyg-09-00797-g001-239x220.jpg 239w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-959\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig 1. Sphere of Experience within which technology can influence wellbeing. Taken from the original article.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Let&#8217;s look at an example to understand how a wearable fitness device fits into the METUX model:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Adoption<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The person purchases the device.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Interface<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Refers to the controls, buttons, navigation, information displayed, and aesthetics of the device.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Tasks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Refers to step tracking, heart-rate monitoring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Behavior<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Refers to the act of exercising.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Life<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Refers to the general increase in wellbeing thanks to the engagement in regular exercise.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Society<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Refers to the increased wellbeing of society thanks to the increase in the exercise of a population.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally to describing the model and providing examples, the authors presented 5 instruments (questionnaires) to measure the users&#8217; experience of autonomy, competence, and relatedness within the METUX spheres. If you are interested, here is the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00797\/full#supplementary-material\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">appendix<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with the instruments they included in their article.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The METUX model reminds us that when designing technology for individuals, we need to consider the technology in itself and the different environments it affects. METUX reminds us that human beings do not live in isolated environments and that these environments affect how individuals perceive and use technology. The model calls for us to design in a holistic fashion if we are interested in creating technology that motivates people and leads them to reach wellbeing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I feel it would have been interesting to see a guide on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">how<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> we \u2014HCI researchers\u2014 can design technology considering all the METUX spheres. Something like a bottom-up approach in which the article guides researchers on designing an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">interface<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">task<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> so that it supports the basic psychological needs. Instead, the authors provide examples in a top-down approach by taking a fitness device, illness support app and online learning course and breaking down their components to map them to each of the METUX spheres. Also, it would have been great to have more information on how to interpret the scores obtained from the measurement instruments they provided.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Overall, I believe this is a good article for UX researchers or practitioners starting to dive into SDT-based technology. If you are more knowledgeable on the subject, you will probably end with a bitter-sweet sensation of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">how<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> you can actually <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Design for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Author: <a href=\"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/2020\/07\/gabriela-villalobos-zuniga\/\">Gabriela Villalobos-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reference:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peters, D, Calvo, RA, Ryan, RM (2018) \u201cDesigning for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing in Digital Experience\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/psychology\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Frontiers in Psychology<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Human Media Interaction.\u00a0 Vol 9. pp 797. (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00797\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DOI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A couple of months ago, while looking for strategies to design Self-Determination Theory (SDT) supporting apps, I came across this article. The title was quite captivating because it fits right &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1001701,"featured_media":959,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-958","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-news"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1001701"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/persuasivelab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}