{"id":502,"date":"2020-06-04T17:44:07","date_gmt":"2020-06-04T15:44:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/?p=502"},"modified":"2020-06-04T17:52:21","modified_gmt":"2020-06-04T15:52:21","slug":"corporate-landsgemeinden","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/2020\/06\/corporate-landsgemeinden\/","title":{"rendered":"Corporate Landsgemeinden: between pure democracy and capitalist plutocracy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"background-color: #eee7e4\"><strong>Every year, at the turn of April and May, the people of Glarus and Appenzell Innerrhoden meet in general assemblies of citizens, in order to vote on laws and elect some of their cantonal officers. A few weeks earlier, and just a few hundred kilometers from this symbol of Swiss democracy, the general meeting of Nestl\u00e9\u2019s shareholders takes place in Lausanne. To many, these institutions seem diametrically opposed. The former is often referred as an example of \u2018pure democracy\u2019; while the latter is perceived as the epitome of capitalist plutocracy. So far so good, but are they really different?<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>If we put aside the rather medieval ceremonial of Landsgemeinden (standard bearers, court ushers and clerks in historical robes, etc.) or the corporate babble of CEO speeches, they also have many features in common. In fact, the descriptions generally given for these assemblies are almost literally identical.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A Landsgemeinde is an annual open-air political assembly in which every adult citizen of the canton has the right to take part and to vote. This assembly is sovereign in that it adopts or ratifies laws and elects the members of the Executive council.<\/li>\n<li>A company\u2019s general meeting is an annual assembly in which every shareholder of the company has the right to attend, speak and vote. Sovereignty is vested in the assembly, in that it elects the members of the board of directors, it can ratify and adopt by-laws, and even change its statutes or vote the dissolution of the corporation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are, however, some differences. In most major companies such as Nestl\u00e9, shareholders (or their proxies) now vote by remote control, while at Glarus and Appenzell Innerrhoden citizens still vote by a show of hand in their Landsgemeinden.<a id=\"fnref-1\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-1\">[1]<\/a> Contrary to citizens\u2019 meeting, in corporations one person can have more than one vote, according to the principle \u201cone share, one vote\u201d. But we should not be too ready to conclude that these differences make of Landsgemeinden and shareholders meetings institutions of a completely distinct nature. Historically, shareholders used to vote by a show of hands in their general meetings, like people still do in Landsgemeinden, while plural voting prevailed in companies across the world only after the 1850\u2019s.<a id=\"fnref-2\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>With that in mind, it seems that there is a largely ignored part of the history of what we call \u2018direct democracy\u2019: a History which binds intricately together communal constitutional models and corporate governance. In this research note, I would like to give you some elements about this common history of municipal assemblies and shareholder meetings.<\/p>\n<h3>Landsgemeinden and the Medieval communal movement<\/h3>\n<p>According to the <em>Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse<\/em>, Landsgemeinden stemmed from the assembly of citizens that accompanied the bailiff\u2019s criminal courts in some communities. These assemblies were not just judicial gatherings; they were also summoned to elect local public officials and to ratify important decisions concerning the whole community.<a id=\"fnref-3\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-3\">[3]<\/a> It is interesting to notice that for many historians the practice of Landsgemeinden actually started during the 13<sup>th<\/sup> century, that is to say (and more importantly) at the peak of the Communal Movement in Europe. Between the 11<sup>th<\/sup> and 14<sup>th<\/sup> centuries, many rural and urban communities throughout Western Christendom were enfranchised. Historians begun to talk about the Communal movement as a widespread phenomenon in order to characterize the emergence of a common model of communal governance during the central Middle-Age, through the spreading of series of similar communal rights, franchises, and political practices. In Susan Reynolds\u2019 words:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cVocabularies differed, and so did the degree of complexity, but the framework of councils and offices, rotating part-time service, assemblies, elections, and audits was very much the same. Some of the similarities were the result of conscious copying. The consuls of southern France and Germany, like the mayors of England, show that as do the many charters which granted one town the customs of another.\u201d<a id=\"fnref-4\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In other words, a Landammann is the Helvetic version of a mayor or a burgomaster, and Landsgemeinden are nothing but one example of the general councils of citizens you can find in many places in Europe at that time.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, Switzerland was right in the middle of the dissemination area of what specialists call the \u2018consular\u2019 communal model.<a id=\"fnref-5\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-5\">[5]<\/a> Instead of a model, it is more precise to talk about a family of communal constitutions, with various versions of communal franchises \u201cin the style of\u201d Milan, N\u00eemes, Soest, etc. In Switzerland, for instance, Neuch\u00e2tel\u2019s communal charter was based upon that of Besan\u00e7on<a id=\"fnref-6\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-6\">[6]<\/a>, and Freiburg im Breisgau\u2019s communal rights spread to numerous Swiss communities, for example to Bern<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><\/a><a id=\"fnref-7\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-7\">[7]<\/a><a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><\/a>. In that regard, it would in fact be peculiar to talk about Landsgemeinden as something specifically Swiss. Yes, the political vocabulary is Helvetic, as are some specific practices, but the big picture reflects European communalism.<a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><\/a><a id=\"fnref-8\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-8\">[8]<\/a><a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>While communes were developing, so did corporations. Their evolution was closely intertwined, as they were adapted from the same notions in medieval Roman law of <em>universitas <\/em>and<em> collegium<\/em>. Many communities used the same terms of <em>universitas <\/em>or <em>collegium<\/em> in their charters and franchises to characterize the nature of their common association as legal persons provided with their own rights and liabilities. Whether it was a municipality, a trading guild or corporations of lawyers or scholars (the future universities), once incorporated (viz. acknowledged by public authorities), they were all political bodies roughly organized in similar ways. As the Digest puts it (Digest 3.4.1), once a community was recognized as a licit association, it might \u201c<em>after the example of the public body (rei publicae) have common goods, a common chest<\/em>\u201d, and have \u201c<em>a representative to conduct common business<\/em>\u201d.<a id=\"fnref-9\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-9\">[9]<\/a> Common good, common chest, common business, the temptation is strong to draw certain conclusions about the communal and corporative origins of joint-stock companies.<\/p>\n<h3>Common chest and joint-stock<\/h3>\n<p>It is, however, quite difficult to determine which particular features of today\u2019s corporate governance come from municipal governance, and which ones derive instead from medieval guilds.<a id=\"fnref-10\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-10\">[10]<\/a> For instance, according to Franklin Gevutz, companies\u2019 boards of directors originate at the same time from parliamentary assemblies, town councils, guilds and church councils.<a id=\"fnref-11\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-11\">[11]<\/a> We can probably extend Gevutz\u2019s conclusions to most practices of corporate governance, since the idea of corporation is at the confluence of various similar political experiences stretching from the 11<sup>th<\/sup> century to the end of the <em>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The names of important communal places or titles in various communities provide many instances of the close connections between economic corporations (also called <em>guilds<\/em> and <em>hanses<\/em>) and municipalities. For instance, the title of \u201ccomte de la hanse\u201d for the treasurers in Lille or the <em>Hansgraaf<\/em> in Audenarde are examples of collusions between the local guilds and the communal government. In other towns like Bruges and Tournai, we know that the contributions of the members of the local merchant guilds supported directly the communal finances.<a id=\"fnref-12\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-12\">[12]<\/a> There are many cases showing the direct involvement of economic corporations in the administration of major cities. Just to name a few we might recall the \u201c<em>Hanse des<\/em> <em>marchands de l\u2019eau<\/em>\u201d in Paris, the livery companies in London, the <em>Z\u00fcnfte<\/em> in Basel or the <em>arti maggiori e minori<\/em> in Renaissance Florence.<\/p>\n<p>Amongst the most fascinating examples of collusion between corporate and municipal governance, one is particularly intriguing: the Bank of Saint George (<em>Casa\u00a0di San Giorgio<\/em>) in Genoa. During the 16<sup>th<\/sup> century, the Bank of Saint George became central in the Republic\u2019s political affairs. The Bank administered directly Genoa\u2019s Caspian Sea colonies and the islands of Corsica and Chios; it also collected most of the Republic\u2019s taxes. Basically, until the end of the 18<sup>th<\/sup> century, people associated the \u201cgood polity\u201d of Genoa to the governance practices of its Bank. For thinkers like Machiavelli, Montesquieu and Hume, the Bank was nothing less than a model of virtuous, wise, honest and prosperous mixed government.<a id=\"fnref-13\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-13\">[13]<\/a> This financial institution, however, did not emerge out of nowhere, and its governance adopted many political practices of its republic, like its communal structure in the great and small councils, and its very complex system of elections and political quotas. What is fascinating about the <em>Casa\u00a0di San Giorgio<\/em> is that it is one of the few companies that have given shape to modern corporate governance. According to Carlo Taviani, for instance, the organization of the Bank was imitated and adapted by many other major corporations, like the Dutch and English East India Companies, the Bank of England or the (in)famous Mississippi Company of John Law.<a id=\"fnref-14\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-14\">[14]<\/a> Those corporations were also directly involved in their respective States\u2019 political affairs: ruling over distant territories and people, collecting taxes and so on.<\/p>\n<p>All considered, for many lawyers until the 18<sup>th<\/sup> century, economic corporations and municipalities were institutions of the same kind. It is significant that, in his <em>Treatise on the Law of Corporations<\/em> of 1793 the English lawyer Steward Kyd should observe that \u201ccorporations were also called franchises\u201d (franchise meaning at the time a grant of liberty, privileges, immunities, etc.); or the fact that William Blackstone in 1757 defined corporations as \u201clittle republics\u201d whose by-laws were a type of municipal laws.<a id=\"fnref-15\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-15\">[15]<\/a> In France in the same period, the <em>Encyclopedie <\/em>explained that \u201ccorporation\u201d was an English legal term to describe what French lawyers called \u201ccommunity\u201d, a term which encompassed guilds, companies, municipalities, universities, colleges, or even bishoprics.<a id=\"fnref-16\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"\" href=\"#fn-16\">[16]<\/a> Let\u2019s stop here by saying that, in spite of the attempts made during the French Revolution to establish a new political system free from Ancien R\u00e9gime\u2019s corporations, European institutional history remained deeply corporative. What other factor could explain the fact that we maintain, in the most common of our associations, the same basic structure as Ancien R\u00e9gime corporations: annual general meetings, executive councils and three distinct associative officers (secretary, president and treasurer)? Amongst the hundreds of ways in which we might have shaped our associations, we did in fact keep this specific one.<\/p>\n<h3>Landsgemeinden\u2019s plutocratic equivalents<\/h3>\n<p>What shall we conclude from all of this? If you go to Wikipedia and enter \u201cDirect Democracy\u201d the first picture you get is one of a Glarus Landsgemeinde. Then, the article exemplifies the notion with Athenian Democracy, Swiss referendums, New England town meetings, and even the Crow Nation\u2019s General Council in Montana. However, not a word is said about corporate governance, despite the fact that Landsgemeinden have striking similitudes with shareholders general meetings, and that they share a common history with them. Unscientific as this wikipedia example might be, it is quite representative of the recurrent oversight of shareholders\u2019 meetings in democratic studies. While our political vocabulary borrowed many terms from the corporate world (for instance: the \u201ctrustee model of representation\u201d), we tend to believe that the history of democracy (and <em>a fortiori<\/em> of direct democracy) is almost exclusively a matter of political history. If we accept the idea that Landsgemeinden epitomize \u201cdirect democracy\u201d, what should we say about shareholder general meetings? As plutocratic as they are, firms\u2019 general meetings are in fact the corporate equivalent of Swiss Landsgemeinden, an equivalent that democratic studies should not overlook.<\/p>\n<p style=\"background-color: #eee7e4\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/applicationspub.unil.ch\/interpub\/noauth\/php\/Un\/UnPers.php?PerNum=1176782&amp;LanCode=37&amp;menu=coord\">Henri-Pierre Mottironi<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/HP_Mottironi\">(@HP_Mottironi<\/a>) is teaching assistant at the Institut d\u2019\u00e9tudes politiques of the University of Lausanne and a member of the Walras Pareto Centre of interdisciplinary studies in economic and political thought. He is a PhD Candidate in History of political thought and political theory and is currently completing his doctoral dissertation on the influence of corporate governance on French political and constitutional thought from the central Middle-Age to the French Revolution. Amongst others, he published in the <\/em>Revue fran\u00e7aise d&rsquo;Histoire des id\u00e9es politiques<em> an article on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/publications-de-Henri-Pierre-Mottironi--675795.htm\">Thomas Paine and property-owning democracy<\/a> in 2017, and another paper on the idea of fiduciary trust in early 18th-century British political thought is forthcoming.<\/em><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Footnotes<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn-1\">In 2016, Glarus rejected the idea of introducing remote control devices in its Landsgemeinde. Geiser Urs, Bondolfi Sibilla<em>, <\/em>\u201cGlarus: no e-vote counting at open-air assembly\u201d, 7<sup>th<\/sup> of September 2016, <em>Swissinfo.ch<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/glarus_no-e-vote-counting-at-open-air-assembly\/42427778\">https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/eng\/glarus_no-e-vote-counting-at-open-air-assembly\/42427778<\/a>, last consultation\u00a018<sup>th<\/sup> of May 2020. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-2\">Dunlavy Colleeen A., \u201cFrom Citizens to Plutocrats: Nineteenth-Century Shareholder voting Rights and Theories of the Corporation\u201d, <em>in<\/em> Kenneth Lipartito and David B. Sicilia (eds), <em>Constructing Corporate America: History, Politics, Culture<\/em>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 66\u201193. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-3\">Stadler Hans, \u201cLandsgemeinde\u201d, <em>in<\/em> <em>Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse<\/em>, 2009, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hls-dhs-dss.ch\/textes\/f\/F10239.php\">https:\/\/www.hls-dhs-dss.ch\/textes\/f\/F10239.php<\/a>, last consultation 8<sup>th<\/sup> of May 2020. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-4\">Reynolds Susan, <em>Kingdoms and communities in Western Europe, 900-1300<\/em>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 196-7. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-5\">Gouron Andr\u00e9, \u201cDiffusion des consulats m\u00e9ridionaux et expansion du droit romain aux XIIe et XIIIe si\u00e8cles\u201d, <em>Biblioth\u00e8que de l\u2019\u00c9cole des chartes<\/em>, 1963, tome 121, pp. 26\u201176. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-6\">Jelmini Jean-Pierre, Egloff Michel, \u201cNeuch\u00e2tel (Commune)\u201d, in <em>Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse<\/em>, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/hls-dhs-dss.ch\/fr\/articles\/002853\/2017-02-20\/\">https:\/\/hls-dhs-dss.ch\/fr\/articles\/002853\/2017-02-20\/<\/a>, last consultation 8<sup>th<\/sup> of May 2020. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-7\">Zahnd Urs Martin, Martin Pierre G., \u201cBerne (commune)\u201d, chap\u00a02.5: \u201cConstitution communale\u201d, in <em>Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse<\/em>, Laurent Auberson (trad.), 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/hls-dhs-dss.ch\/fr\/articles\/000209\/2016-11-10\/\">https:\/\/hls-dhs-dss.ch\/fr\/articles\/000209\/2016-11-10\/<\/a>, last consultation 8th of May 2020. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-8\">It is what the historian Peter Blickle supports. Blickle Peter, \u201cCommunalism, parliamentarism, republicanism\u201d, <em>Parliaments, Estates and Represnetation<\/em>, June 1986, vol.\u00a06, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1, pp. 1\u201113. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-9\">Black Antony, <em>Guild &amp; State: European Political Thought from the Twelfth Century to the Present<\/em>, New Brunswick, N.J, Transaction Publishers, 2003, p. 19. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-10\">See for example: Scott William Robert, <em>The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720<\/em>, Cambridge MA, Cambridge University Press, 1912, vol. 1, pp. 4-8. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-11\">Gevutz Franklin A., \u201cThe Historical and Political Origins of the Corporate Board of Directors\u201d, <em>Hosfra Law Review<\/em>, mai 2004, vol.\u00a033, n<sup>o<\/sup> 1, pp. 89\u2011174. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-12\">Pirenne Henri, <em>Les villes du Moyen-Age, essai d\u2019histoire \u00e9conomique et sociale<\/em>, Bruxelles, Lamertin, 1927, pp. 164-5. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-13\">Machiavel Nicolas, <em>Histoires florentines<\/em>, Livre VIII, chapitre XXIX, <em>in Machiavel \u0152uvres Compl\u00e8tes<\/em>, Paris, Gallimard, nrf, p. 1384; Hume David, \u201cThat politics may be reduce to a science\u201d, <em>in Political essays<\/em>, Knud Haakonssen (ed.) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, 1994, p.\u00a011; Montesquieu Charles de Secondat de, <em>De l\u2019esprit des lois<\/em>, Paris, Flammarion, n\u02da 325, 2005, tome I, Livre II, chapitre III, pp. 136-7. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-14\">Taviani Carlo, \u201cAn Ancient Scheme: The Mississippi Company, Machiavelli, and the Casa di San Giorgio (1407\u20131720)\u201d, <em>in<\/em> Emily Erikson\u00a0(dir.), <em>Chartering Capitalism: Organizing Markets, States, and Publics<\/em>, Bingley, Emerald, Political Power and Social Theory, n\u02da 29, 2015, pp. 239\u201156. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-15\">Kyd Steward, <em>A Treatise on the Law of Corporations<\/em>, Printed or J. Butterworth, Fleet-Street, 1793, vol.\u00a01, p.\u00a014; Blackstone Sir William, <em>Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books<\/em>, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1893, vol. 1, p. 468. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"fn-16\">Diderot Denis et Le Rond d\u2019Alembert Jean, <em>Encyclop\u00e9die, ou Dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers<\/em>, Neuch\u00e2tel, Chez Samuel Faulche &amp; compagnie, libraires &amp; imprimeurs, 1751, n<sup>o<\/sup> T 4, article \u201ccorporation\u201d. <a class=\"reversefootnote\" title=\"Return to article\" href=\"#fnref-16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><span id=\"sample-permalink\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"background-color: #eee7e4\">To cite this blog post : Henri-Pierre Mottironi, \u00ab Corporate Landsgemeinden: Between Pure Democracy and Capitalist Plutocracy \u00bb, <em>Blog of the Centre Walras Pareto<\/em>, June 4, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/2020\/06\/corporate-landsgemeinden\">https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/2020\/06\/corporate-landsgemeinden<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Every year, at the turn of April and May, the people of Glarus and Appenzell Innerrhoden meet in general assemblies of citizens, in order to vote on laws and elect some of their cantonal&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":195,"featured_media":507,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[13,47,48,23,49,46],"class_list":{"0":"post-502","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-image","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-henri-pierre-mottironi","8":"tag-21e-siecle","9":"tag-democratie","10":"tag-gouvernance","11":"tag-histoire-de-la-pensee-politique","12":"tag-in-english","13":"tag-moyen-age","14":"post_format-post-format-image"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/195"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=502"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/502\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/507"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=502"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/cwp-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}